This parable occurs only in Mark. The kingdom refers to the whole span of God's dispensation or plan of salvation. The man is Christ, and the seed is the gospel (see vv. 13-20). His sleep indicates Christ's death, from which He will rise. That the man does not know how the seed grows shows Christ does not manipulate man's response to the gospel, but each person is free to receive it and to let it grow in his own heart. The harvest indicates the Second Coming, when all will be judged on their reception of the gospel.
Taken from The Orthodox Study Bible
Mark 4:26-29 NASB
26 And He was saying, "The kingdom of God is like a man who casts seed upon the soil; 27 and he goes to bed at night and gets up by day, and the seed sprouts and grows-how, he himself does not know. 28 The soil produces crops by itself; first the blade, then the head, then the mature grain in the head. 29 But when the crop permits, he immediately puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come."
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